Which of the following best describes extinction in operant conditioning?

The concept of extinction in operant conditioning is best described as withholding reinforcement following a previously reinforced response. In this context, when a behavior that was once rewarded no longer receives reinforcement, the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future decreases. This is fundamental to understanding how behaviors can be reduced or eliminated over time through the consistent removal of positive reinforcement or the cessation of negative reinforcement.

In operant conditioning, reinforcement strengthens behavior, while extinction involves the absence of that reinforcement, leading to a decline in the frequency of the behavior. Thus, when an individual learns that their response will no longer result in a reward, they are less likely to continue that response. This principle is widely used in behavior modification techniques to shape and change behaviors effectively.

The other provided options describe different aspects of operant conditioning but do not accurately define extinction. For instance, introducing a new reward enhances a behavior, and continued punishment applies to reducing undesired behavior rather than the cessation of reinforcement. Likewise, increasing the frequency of reinforcement would serve to strengthen a behavior, not diminish it.